Introduction of Semnan province

  Demographic characteristics of Semnan province:

       Semnan province with an area of 97,491 square kilometers is the seventh largest province in the country with a population of 636,000 people. This province is 4 times the size of Tehran province. Semnan province now has eight cities, which are: Semnan, Shahroud, Damghan, Garmsar, Mahdishahr, Aradan, Miami, and Sarkheh, which extends from the north to North Khorasan, Golestan, and Mazandaran provinces. It is limited to Yazd and Isfahan provinces from the south, Khorasan Razavi province from the east, and Tehran and Qom provinces from the west.

In ancient times, Semnan province was a part of the fourteenth historical state of Verne (Verne) from the sixteen divisions of the Avesta. Some scientists consider this state to be current Guilan, but it is certain that Verne or Verne consists of the southern plates of Alborz and Khar north of Semnan, Damghan. , Khawar, Damavand, Firouzkoh, Shahmirzad, Lasgerd, De Namak and Ahavan, Ghoshe, Vimeh and the mountainous parts of Mazandaran.

In addition to Persians, the most important ethnic groups living in Semnan province are Turks (Ili Asanlu, Pazouki, Nefer, Basri, Qashqai, etc.), Arabs (Amir Arabs, Masoumi Arabs, Serhangi Arabs, Darazi Arabs, Keti, Tabatabayi Arabs, etc.). .), Tabaris (Elikai or Alikai), Lors (Hadavand), Kurds and Gileks.

Among the tribes settled in Semnan Province, the Sangsaris, Paroris and Iftris and examples of this type are the native tribes of the province who came to this land from the distant past (before Islam) and settled in it. Another group, such as Elikai, Asanlu, Hadavand, Arab Darazi and Keti clans and clans, are groups that migrated to this area during the rule of the rulers and sultans in order to create a barrier for the east and southern regions of the country from the repeated encroachments of the Turkmen cavalry.

According to the population and housing census of 2013, the population of this province was 631,218 people, and it is interesting to note that this vast province contains less than one percent of the country's population.

  Climatic features of Semnan province:

  The climate of Semnan province is generally influenced by the hot and dry air currents of the desert plain, but factors such as distance from the sea, the direction and length of the mountains, the height of the place and the winds are also effective in the climate of this province. Three types of weather can be identified in this province:

* The northern part of the province including Shahroud, Damghan, Mehdishahr (Sangsar) and Shahmirzad has a relatively cold and dry climate in winter and moderate in summer.

* The southern part of the province, including Garmsar and the south of Semnan, has a desert climate that is relatively hot and dry in summer and cold and dry in winter.

* Northeast of Semnan province (Miami Plain and Hossein Abad Kalpoosh) has a relatively cold and humid climate in winter and moderate and humid in summer.

The average annual temperature of Semnan city is 17.8, Shahrood 14.1 and Garmsar 17.5 degrees Celsius. According to these figures, the coldest city is Shahrood, followed by Damghan, and the warmest city is Semnan, followed by Garmsar. The average absolute maximum temperature in the months of July and August, which are the hottest months of the year in Semnan province, reaches 25 degrees Celsius, and the average minimum temperature in the months of January and February, which are the coldest months of the year in the province, reaches -11 degrees Celsius. Also, the absolute maximum temperature difference between the hottest and coldest months of the year reaches 31 degrees Celsius.

In Semnan province, the precipitation is very low and it mostly falls in the form of rain in the cold seasons of the year, with an average amount of 145 millimeters per year. Due to the fact that the amount of relative humidity has a direct relationship with rainfall, therefore, the amount of humidity increases from the west to the east of the province and from the south to the north. So that the relative humidity percentage is 49% in Shahrood and 40% in Garmsar. Among the cities of Shahrood province, Shahrood has the highest annual rainfall with 161.1 millimeters and Damghan has the lowest rainfall with 120.2 millimeters. Also, the average number of freezing days during the year is about 48 days.

Mountains of Semnan province:

     Semnan province is located in the southern slopes of the Alborz mountain range, which gradually decreases from north to south and leads to the salt desert, and the most important ones are:

1- The Alborz mountain range with an average height of 3,200 meters, which separates this region from Mazandaran province like a fence, and its famous peak "Nizva" is located in the north of Orpalang farm and northwest of Shahmirzad.

2- Alborz mountain range in Shahroud, this part of Alborz is the main source of rivers and aqueducts in this region. In the southern part of this main range, low-altitude mountains are stretched parallel to the main range, which become lower as they approach the desert plain (=central desert). The most important peaks of these heights are Khosh Yailaq peak with a height of 2802 meters, Khiyashak peak with a height of 2670 meters and Abar peak with a height of 2630 meters.

3- In the north of Damghan, there is a mountain range called Sefidkoh, which extends to Shahkoh. In the distance between Damghan and Semnan, a separate branch of Sefidkoh stretches towards the salt desert, whose mountains are Sultan Shahrukh and Panjkoh.

4- The mountains north of Garmsar, which is cut by the Habaleroud river and divided into two parts. These mountains are like a fence in the north of Garmsar city. Its most important heights are Sulak, Sarhor and Kalerz.

  Rivers of Semnan province:

       The rivers of Semnan province originate from the southern slopes of the Alborz mountain range and often flow into the desert plain. The direction of the flow of these rivers is from north to south. These rivers usually have sweet and clear water at their source, but after passing through salt marshes and chalk lands, they become salty and contain a lot of salts. The length of these rivers is usually short because the distance between